Everything about The Semi-presidential System totally explained
The
semi-presidential system is a
system of government in which a
prime minister and a
president are both active participants in the day-to-day administration of the
state. It differs from a
parliamentary republic in that it has a popularly elected Head of State who is more than a purely ceremonial
figurehead. It differs from the
presidential system in that the
cabinet, although named by the president, is
responsible to the
legislature, which may force the cabinet to resign through a
motion of no confidence.
How the powers are divided between president and prime minister can vary greatly between countries. In
France, for example, the president is responsible for foreign policy and the prime minister for domestic policy. In this case, the division of powers between the
prime minister and the
president isn't explicitly stated in the constitution, but has evolved as a
political convention. In
Finland, by contrast, this particular aspect of the separation of powers is explicitly stated in the
constitution: "foreign policy is led by the president in cooperation with the cabinet".
Semi-presidential systems sometimes experience periods of
cohabitation, in which the prime minister and president are elected separately, and often from rival parties. This can create an effective system of
checks and balances or a period of bitter and tense stonewalling, depending on the attitudes of the two
leaders, the ideologies of their parties, or the demands of their constituencies. As a typical example,
Sri Lankan politics for several years witnessed a bitter struggle between the President and the Prime Minister, belonging to different parties and elected separately, over the negotiations with the
LTTE to resolve the longstanding
civil war.
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